Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay

Each bit of writing made is affected when in which it was composed. A specific book is an impression of the time or period where it was conceived. A writer is contained inside a particular time ever, and his composing turns into the consequence of the social, financial or political milieu of that time. This is the motivation behind why it is critical for a peruser to decide the setting of the story so as to completely comprehend a bit of writing. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is an extraordinary case of how a content mirrors a specific period. It is a novel written during the 1930s and uncovered what was occurring during that time in California. Henceforth, John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men is an impression of California during the 1930s. Of Mice and Men is an anecdote about the fellowship between George Milton and Lennie Small. The two men are astoundingly not the same as one another. Steinbeck (1994) portrayed George as â€Å"small and brisk, dull of face, with anxious eyes and sharp, solid features† (p. 4). He delineated Lennie as something contrary to his friend; he was â€Å"a colossal man, ill defined of face, with huge, pale eyes, with wide inclining shoulders† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 4). In any case, their disparities were not constrained to physical appearances. George is smart, yet his companion Lennie is slow-witted (Steinbeck, 1994). The state of mind of the last constrained him to rely exclusively upon the previous. While George regularly communicated disappointment about the weight of being Lennie’s buddy, he end up being a devoted companion. He filled in as Lennie’s watchman. Sadly, Lennie’s inability made him be engaged with extraordinary difficulty. He couldn't observe his own quality, coincidentally hurting and executing others simultaneously. At long last, George keeps on satisfying his job as Lennie’s defender; he executed Lennie himself to save him from death in the possession of Curley (Steinbeck, 1994). While the fellowship among George and Lenny is the primary focal point of the story, the historical backdrop of California plays a greater and increasingly critical job in the novel. Of Mice and Men is likewise a tale about California and the issues which tormented it during the 1930s. John Steinbeck composed three books which dove into the circumstance in California in 1930s; Of Mice and Men is the second book in the set of three. The other two books were In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath. In On Mice and Men, the connection among George and Lennie is set against the scenery of 1930s California. The two men are vagrant specialists with a solitary dream: they needed to possess a real estate parcel and homestead it themselves. George stated, â€Å"Somedayâ€we’re going to get the jack together and we’re going to have a little house and two or three sections of land an’ a dairy animals and some pigs† (Steinbeck, 1994). This fantasy was affected, if not totally characterized, by the issues of the state at that specific time. In the Introduction of the On Mice and Men, Shillinglaw (1994) depicted California during the 1930s. During the 1930s, the primary issue in California was rural work. Since the 1900s, the greater part of the agronomically bounteous valleys were situated in California. Produce, for example, broccoli, lettuce, sugar beets and strawberries were just a portion of those collected in wealth. The tremendous homesteads in California required numerous workers for its collect. In the interim, the Southwest district of America experienced dry spell. Because of the dry season, the once plentiful terrains got like deserts. Therefore, workers left what was known as the Dust Bowl to attempt their karma in California. Since 1935, an expected 350,000 individuals from Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas raged the Golden State in order to find employments in the homesteads. While the facts used to demonstrate that California had gigantic agrarian fields which provided the vast majority of the country’s produce, the work of laborers were as yet an issue. There were an excessive number of individuals to oblige for employments in these homesteads. Laborers from the Dust Bowl meandered all through the state looking for yields to cultivate, as they were urgent for work. By 1936, California was confronted with a significant issue: the steady progression of poor and hungry vagrants from the Southwest. The circumstance of meandering ranch laborers was outlined in Of Mice and Men. The tale started with the appearance of George and Lennie in the Salinas River. George was vexed that the transport driver didn't drop them off at the best possible area. He stated, â€Å"Didn’t wanta stop at the farm door, that’s what† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 6). The two men exemplified the circumstance of the various transient specialists in California during the 1930s. Rural workers, for example, George and Lennie were guided starting with one farm then onto the next, in scan for work. George asked Lennie, â€Å"You recall about us goin’ into Murray and Ready’s, and they give us work cards and transport tickets? † (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 7). Murray and Ready had given the two men the cards and tickets, at that point sent them to the following farm. As indicated by the novel, the last farm they worked for was called Weed. The predicament of the nomad workers was best communicated by George’s words: â€Å"They go to a farm an’ stir up a stake and afterward they go inta town and blow their stake, and the primary thing you know they’re poundin’ their tail on some other ranch† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The epic additionally depicted the troublesome existence of male transient specialists and their requirement for human organization. It was said that dominant part of the vagrant horticultural specialists in California were single men. Since the 1870s until 1930, the leafy foods yields of the Golden State were collected by single men. These men were cutting edge wanderers, for they continually moved starting with one spot then onto the next. They conveyed bindles at whatever point they went. George affirmed the circumstance of male homestead laborers in California: â€Å"Guys like us, that deal with farms, are the loneliest folks on the planet. They got no family. They don’t have a place no place† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The isolation of the ranch laborers brought about the consistent requirement for friendship. Without spouses and families, the male vagrant workers create fellowships. The fellowship among George and Lennie was the sort of relationship made because of the conditions of the vagrant specialists. Regardless of his objections about having Lennie around, it was evident that George was similarly as subject to Lennie as Lennie was reliant on him. At whatever point Lennie took steps to leave, George revealed to him that he needed his companion to remain. Their bond was solid to such an extent that they didn't see themselves as like the previously mentioned forlorn folks. George stated: â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got someone to converse with that cares the slightest bit about us† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The epic uncovered how rural workers were underestimated in California society. Every one of them were lost and lived on desperate conditions. In spite of the awful conditions which came to pass for them, there are the individuals who stayed idealistic and aspiring. In any case, even the eager workers additionally fall flat. They would just leave the farm and continue to somewhere else. In the novel, George and Lennie went to the bunk place of the following farm they should work for. At the point when George asked Candy for what good reason the previous tenant of his new bed quit, this was the reaction: â€Å"He†¦just quit, the manner in which a person will. Says it was the food. Simply needed to move† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 20). George and Lennie were additionally goal-oriented. They have become tired of working starting with one farm then onto the next, and working for individuals like Curley. They longed for having a real estate parcel they can actually take care of. The fantasy was uncovered from the get-go in the novel, and was consistently referenced all through the story. Candy caught the two taking about their longing for their own (Steinbeck, 1994). He reacted decidedly, and even offered his investment funds to the two men with the goal that he could likewise live on their territory. Hooligans likewise found out about the arrangement to purchase land. During one night, Lennie addressed Crooks about his arrangement to possess land with George. In contrast to Candy, Crooks had an alternate reaction to the arrangement. He debilitated Lennie by suggesting that his fantasy will never materialize. Evildoers stated: â€Å"I seen several men stop by out and about an’ on the farms, with their bindles on their back an’ that equivalent damn thing in their heads†¦every damn one of ‘em’s got a little real estate parcel in his mind. An’ never a God damn one of ‘em ever gets it† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 75). The character of Crooks was right; in 1930s California, numerous laborers didn't make the progress they initially would have liked to discover there. Before the finish of the novel, George and Lennie end up being fruitless also. The fantasy of George and Lennie to get their own property didn't work out. Lennie has an affection for petting things which are delicate; it was this affection which ensured his downfall (Steinbeck, 1994). Lennie and George had to leave the farm in Weed on the grounds that Lennie’s petting experienced gotten them in difficulty. In the farm in Soledad, Lennie unintentionally slaughtered a pup since he was excessively solid. Unintentionally, he pulled the hair of Curley’s spouse and furthermore broke her neck, making her kick the bucket. When Curley and the remainder of the men in the farm discovered that Lennie slaughtered the spouse, they structure a horde and went to look for Lennie. Before they showed up at the farm, George advised Lennie to come back to the Salinas River in a tough situation. George told his companion, â€Å"Lennieâ€if you jus’ happen to get in a difficult situation like you generally done previously, I need you to come directly here an’ stow away in the brush† (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 17). After he slaughtered Curley’s spouse, Lennie continue to the brush and George met him there. George be

The Difference Between Benjamin Franklin and Phyllis Wheatley

In the eighteenth century, the British provinces that would in the end become the United States of America contained a wide assortment of sorts of individuals. America truly was a â€Å"New World.† It had not so much totally developed itself yet. Accordingly, there were a wide assortment of kinds of individuals living in the British American provinces. Benjamin Franklin and Phyllis Wheatley are two instances of Colonialists in America with especially various foundations, lives, and sex and those distinctions are reflected in what they composed. Phyllis Wheatley was seized as a youngster from Africa and offered to a family in Massachusetts. This family perceived her capacities and taught her. Phyllis Wheatley composed verse that mirrored her refined childhood in Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin, then again, basically fled from home at 15 years old and made his own specific manner. He originated from an all the more average workers family. One thing that these altogether different two individuals share practically speaking, be that as it may, is that they rose from humble beginnings to achieve things that are still profoundly respected today. Wheatley's verse shows that she more likely than not got traditional training. The language she utilizes is detailed and brimming with imagery. They reflect high degrees of good faith and optimism. One case of such a sonnet by Wheatley is â€Å"On Imagination.† In the sonnet, Wheatley utilizes allegory to consider creative mind a â€Å"imperial queen.† In language that would be viewed as counterfeit and unnatural today, she composes, â€Å"Thy wond'drous acts in beauteous request stand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The fancy and lifted up language contrast forcefully and Benjamin Franklin's style of composing, which was significantly more commonsense and sensible. A lot of Franklin's composing was totally functional in nature. In â€Å"Poor Richard's Almanac† he given data individuals required at the time in their regular day to day existences. He composed terse segments for day by day or week by week distributions about issues that influenced individuals right at that point. Franklin was a down to earth man, and in spite of the fact that he showed colossal creative mind, he put it to reasonable use. While Wheatley was expounding on â€Å"Th' empyreal castle of the thund'ring God.† Franklin discussed the benefits of being hitched versus accepting a more seasoned lady as a paramour. These distinctions are not out of the ordinary. In the eighteenth century, respectable ladies †and Wheatley was raised as a cultured lady despite the fact that she began her life in America as a slave †didn't worry about the viable real factors of life. The distinctions in their composing feature the way that despite the fact that the two of them became over their situation during childbirth, Franklin had the option to hoist himself beyond what Wheatley could. Some portion of this distinction without a doubt lies in their racial contrasts, and part of it their sexual orientation contrasts. Franklin was a functioning creator, a profoundly inventive utilization of innovativeness. He concocted bifocals, an improvement that brought about sensational changes in the production of eyeglasses. He concocted the Franklin Stove. Homes were regularly warmed by chimneys during that time, and just one side of a chimney discharged warmth into the room. The Franklin Stove remains in the room and isn't incorporated with the divider. The outcome is that warmth is discharged from all sides, giving more warmth to the home. While Franklin's work was to a great extent commonsense, once in a while he applied creative mind to life just to straighten something up. He formulated his examination with a kite and a key since he was interested about lightning, not on the grounds that he was searching for some approach to bridle lightning and use It in some functional manner. Be that as it may, and still, after all that his methodology was basic and cement. He composed no extravagant sonnet praising the marvels of lightning after he completed his investigation. It appears to be likely that if a lady had taken a kite, attached a key to the string and flown the kite in a rainstorm, individuals may have thought she had gone distraught. The contrasts among Franklin's and Wheatley's composing may mirror a distinction in formal training. Wheatley more likely than not had a formal, traditional instruction to write in the style she did. Her verse incorporates references to Greek folklore. We realize that Franklin had minimal conventional instruction. During the eighteenth century this didn't need to meddle with headway and an elevated level of instruction was not required for most employments. As a printer, it appears to be likely that expertise with his hands would be in any event as significant as the capacity to peruse and compose, aptitudes Franklin plainly created. In any case, since he was apprenticed to his sibling at age 12 and fled to Philadelphia when he was 15 it appears to be far-fetched that he had a chance to consider Greek fantasies. Franklin propelled himself by creating abilities that had genuine market esteem. He turned into an excellent printer and really made an establishment for his aptitudes. His works were broadly perused. He had an exchange, he was awesome at it, and due to that he could bolster himself and his significant other well. His significant other made a difference. She ran the store they possessed. However, she didn't begin organizations all alone, and keeping in mind that she was absolutely qualified for share in her better half's riches, she would have had a tough time achieving what he achieved all alone. For example, Franklin started his first genuine fruitful printing venture by getting a credit. It appears to be far-fetched that such an advance would have been given to his better half. Wheatley, obviously, had the additional deterrent of being Black. Strangely, apparently being Black was very little of an obstruction for Wheatley, given the occasions wherein she lived. She despite everything got extraordinary instruction. Rather, the contrasts among Franklin and Wheatley might be progressively one of class. Wheatley's verse proposes privileged training, while Franklin's life and composing recommends an a lot nearer association with the normal man. It likewise gives the idea that Wheatley was extremely strict. This is uncovered in another of her sonnets, where she communicates much obliged for being brought to America as a slave, since it carried her to Christianity. Be that as it may, her strict convictions work out positively past the basic idea of salvation. In â€Å"On Imagination,† she sees creative mind as God's living arrangement, and composes, â€Å"From star to star the psychological optics meander, measure the skies, There in one view we handle the powerful entirety, or then again with new universes astonish th' unbounded soul.† She sees God in all that she perspectives, and handles the hugeness of creation. By correlation, Franklin discusses religion in handy terms. In his letter â€Å"Advice on the Choice of a Mistress,† he says that taking a more established lady for a special lady is to a lesser extent a wrongdoing than â€Å"debauching a Virgin.† While he makes reference to sin, the vast majority of his letter clever and shrewd yet totally overlooks the issue of in the case of taking an escort is against God's law or not. His contention is good: don't destroy a little youngsters' life since you would prefer not to wed †it's a bit much. Franklin composed legitimately, and without representation, particularly the all-encompassing ones Wheatley was attached to. He utilized short sentences that came to the heart of the matter, for example, â€Å"A fasten in time spares nine.† Wheatley, in any case, composed progressively expound articulations. At the point when she respected the works of art of a youthful African-American, she composed a 34-line utilizing measured rhyming †a similar meter frequently picked by Shakespeare. In any case, in spite of the fact that we know from perusing her sonnet that she appreciated the works of art, we don't get any away from of what the artistic creation may have resembled. She spends a decent piece of the sonnet in great wishes for the artist: â€Å"Still may the paint's and the writer's fire to help thy pencil, and thy refrain conspire~ Furthermore, may the charms of each seraphic topic Direct they strides to interminable fame!† By examination, Franklin offers quite certain and handy guidance to his companion who doesn't wish to wed, including 8 reasons he should take a more seasoned special lady on the off chance that he doesn't wed, including the last one: â€Å"and ultimately. They are so grateful!!!† Such natural diversion is absent in the sonnets of Wheatley's inspected here. He likewise offers amusing guidance, for example, to cover the upper middle of a more seasoned darling with a bushel, on the grounds that the head and chest area endure the assaults old enough first. In any event, when offering strongly close to home guidance, Franklin is down to earth just as engaging. Franklin appears to appreciate off color humor dependent on this model. In any case, it ought to be noticed that Franklin might not have proposed this letter to be distributed and may have written in a less realistic style for open utilization. Benjamin Franklin carried on with a wonderful life. He was apprenticed to his more seasoned sibling and buckled down for him, just to make his sibling envious of Benjamin's capacities. Benjamin figured out how to keep his sibling's paper operational while the sibling was in prison for communicating his convictions, and composed a segment for it secretly, slipping his work under the entryway around evening time. At the point when he at long last uncovered to his sibling that he was â€Å"Silence Dogood,† his sibling just reproved him. Challenging the standards of the day, he fled at age 15. He showed up poverty stricken in Philadelphia however made his own fortune, yet won the hand of the young lady who previously observed him when he showed up in Philadelphia looking very offensive. He at that point parlayed one accomplishment into the following, wound up a pioneer in the rising new nation, and filled in as the new nation's envoy to France. Franklin appears to have prevailing at all that he endeavored to do. With practically no instruction, he turned into a renowned essayist, an establishing father of what turned into an extraordinary country, and a minister. He had no favorable position of class; high society youth were taught and not apprenticed to an exchange. He appears to have had an ability for perceiving opportunity when it was introduced to him, since fleeing was unlawful. Such an activity could have started a genuine descending winding. Rather it was the beginning of the first of numerous open doors Franklin made for himself. En route he dev

Can You Write an Essay in One Day?

Can You Write an Essay in One Day?When I am asked the question, 'Can you write an essay in one day?' my response is always a resounding 'Yes!' The only reason this question comes up is because you are researching and want to learn more about how to write an essay in one day. You may be a good writer but a lack of focus or the desire to research certain material could hinder your ability to produce a well written essay.As you will find out soon enough, people in college all around the world are struggling to get by and are struggling to get the results they desire. That is why many people want to learn how to write an essay in one day. They are frustrated with a lack of time, do not know where to start and don't have the drive to study. I know that being in college is stressful but this should not hinder your ability to learn how to write an essay in one day.Many people think that writing an essay is a bad idea, thinking that it is extremely difficult and would require a lot of time, energy and a ton of determination. I will admit that it is difficult. You need to take the time to learn as much as you can and study. I have met college students who did not even have the slightest clue on how to write an essay. However, when they get to the end of it they come out of it a 'winner' and proud of their accomplishment.When learning how to write an essay, it is important to note that the key is having a good structure and know how to structure a certain essay so you can write an essay in one day. There are many different resources that you can use to get your head wrapped around how to structure a certain essay. I would recommend beginning with a grammar and composition book so you can get an idea of what the standard format for an essay should be.Many college students do not know how to properly structure an essay. A simple book with the basics will give you a basic grasp of how to structure your essay. By knowing how to structure your essay it will make it a lot easi er to learn how to write an essay in one day. Remember to make sure you do not forget to make your points. If you forget to make your points you will only frustrate yourself and even give up.Once you have an idea of how to properly structure your book, you should take the next step and purchase a good grammar and composition book with examples of essays that use the different rules of a particular essay. Do not get bogged down by the thousands of examples because the more information you have the easier it will be to know what kind of essay you are looking for. Take your time to research your topic and find essay examples that best fits your needs.Your first draft should always be your best work. Once you have a very good understanding of how to properly structure an essay you should take the next step and look at examples that are similar to the topic you are writing about. You should spend some time looking for examples. It will be easier if you get some practice writing short ess ays and then when you are more comfortable to make your long essays.An essay is your chance to shine and you should be proud of your hard work. As you learn how to write an essay in one day you will be able to write your essay faster and write it with confidence. The ability to write an essay in one day is not something that you can assume but it is something that you can achieve with the proper amount of studying and hard work.

Personality Theory Existential Personality Theories And...

Personality Analysis Theories on existential personality theories and Humanistic theories have changed focus on psychological viewpoints because of the behavior of individuals. Now Carl Rogers’s person-center theory and Rollo May’s existential psychology focuses more on what many would call present and future experiences of the individual rather than the past because people mental states can change from one month to the next. Psychological health can be emphasized in how a person maintains their psychology health. Now the dark realities of psychological health can be brought to light with these theories. When we take a look at person-centered theories we find out that this approach is the humanistic approach to personality. Some of the basic assumptions to this theory include one’s natural tendency to move toward their full potential and one’s maintenance of their self concept (Feist Feist, 2009). Now when looking at existential psychology this particular area of psychology takes a deeper look into the essence of humanity, and the realization of being in this world, also the avoidance of nothingness along with how choices are driven by free will (Boeree, 2003). When you take a look at both person-centered and existential theories they both share some of the same personality factors, which can affect behavior and vice versa. Now both of these have differing ideas on what composes personality, now one function in interpersonal relationships, how one is treatedShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology Essay examples1869 Words   |  8 PagesIt’s human nature to wonder why we act the way that we do and why things happen. So many scholars over the years have come up with numerous theories in order to categorize the things that are known and explanations of what it all means. 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Action Cancer Personal Statement - 848 Words

Action Cancer are not currently recruiting, and have not advertised any graduate level positions in the past year and a half. For this reason, I choose to look at the most recent job advert for the research and evaluation department and compare how my skills aligned as I felt this would be most up-to-date and relevant to my placement. I would meet the first necessity listed as the degree I am studying, psychology, has a major research methods component. The next requirement listed is having 2 years’ experience of working in evaluation, research or needs assessment. My degree is situated in a research setting and this is an area I am interested in, however, I don’t actually have legitimate work experience in this area. If I wanted to†¦show more content†¦I have written reports the past three years for my degree so I would say I am able to perform well in this area. 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Todays Society Is A World Of Increasing Technology

Saying Farewell to Traditional Textbooks Today’s society is a world of increasing technology. Everyday, there are technological advances in all different fields. Technology has made things much more accessible, doable, efficient, and faster. However, when this is depicted in television shows and movies, technological classrooms are perceived as futuristic. For example, in an episode of the popular Nickelodeon show iCarly, Carly imagines going to a school in the future and the focus is on technology. Producers of this media do not realize that these classrooms do exist and can exist. It is important that the future of our nation, the students, are taught technology skills and the necessary knowledge to use these programs and devices. A popular debate in many school systems is the use of technology in the classrooms. Many people believe that it is time for traditional textbooks to be replaced, while some support tradition. While some people may value the tangible, printed, hard cover textbooks we are all so familiar with, the benefits of online textbooks outweigh this universal tradition of education through cost benefits, accessibility, weight, improving standardized test scores, environmental factors, and the endless possibilities tablets offer. Higher education costs are steadily increasing each year, but these costs are not just driven from tuition costs. According to Kevin and Sheldon Smith, â€Å"While tuition and fees have received significant press, the increase in theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Huxleys Brave New World1362 Words   |  6 Pagesinto view much sooner than that. Technology has come a long way, and has given a lot of simplicity to one’s life. However, it comforted society so much that society started to depend on it too much. By depending on it too much, society allowed technology to replace the use of one’s mind. 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Natural Disasters and Their Effect on the Macro Economy free essay sample

Natural Disasters can have both a positive and negative impact on the local, national and the global economy. However it is rare, but not out of the question, to see the positive impact it may have on an economy. For instance, when disaster struck in Haiti from the 7. 3 magnitude earthquake in 2010, between 200,000-250,000 people were killed. That is 2 percent of the total Haitian population of only 10 million. Comparatively New York City alone totals nearly as much as the entire population of Haiti with about 8. 2 million people (U. S. Census Bureau, 2010). The Inter-American Development Bank estimated that it cost 8.5 billion dollars in damage to Haitis economy. The earthquake caused the countrys gross domestic product (GDP) to contract 5. 1 percent that year. Considering that Haiti’s economy only produced 12 billion dollars in 2008, 8. 5 billion dollars is a huge deficit to the overall production and functionality of their economic and social growth. That is less than a ten th of a percent of U. S. GDP of 14 trillion dollars, but Haiti’s GDP per capita is only 1,300 dollars compared to over 40,000 dollars per person in the U. S. (CIA. gov). With all of this said, Haiti brought in nearly fifteen billion dollars through donations. So although there was catastrophic and disastrous losses to both the social and economic stimulus, on donations alone, Haiti was able to receive three billion dollars more than even their best year in 2008 with only twelve billion dollars. Proposing a theoretical situation, if an earthquake destroyed capital stock but left the labor force intact, the real rental price of capital would increase. The real rental price equals the marginal product of capital and having less capital stock available raises the marginal product of capital and therefore, raises its real rental price. This situation would also make the labor force larger in relation to available capital. Since this would lead to a declining marginal product of labor as workers have less equipment to use, the real wage would decrease as well. Due to rising world population, climate change, and environmental degradation, natural disasters are increasing in frequency. They are also becoming costlier and deadlier, according to Swiss Re, a reinsurance company; the U. S. suffered a cost of 145 billion dollars in 2004, which was up from 65 billion dollars in 2003. In 2009, natural disasters cost insurers about 110 billion dollars. In 2010, the cost was double that, at 218 billion dollars. So as you can see, in the past 10 years there have been jumps nearly doubling the cost that a country suffers to natural disasters from year to year. According to the World Bank, there are several factors that affect a country’s vulnerability to natural disasters: its geographic size, the type of disaster, the strength and structure of its economy, and prevailing socioeconomic conditions. In a globalized economy, all these factors, as well as others, also play into how the world’s finances will be affected. A common belief is that short-term economic hits after a disaster, even those as large as this year’s earthquake and tsunami in Japan or Hurricane Katrina in the U. S. in 2005 are more than offset by the reconstruction boom that follows. However this is only in countries that are large and rich enough to have short-term stabilization to the immediate economic hit. The nature of the disaster and the size of the victim count in an economy are key when determining whether or not natural disasters have a negative impact on macroeconomic growth. So in a country such as Haiti and their disastrous earthquake, although a lot of money was pumped into the economy in order to help in the rebuilding, that does not do much when they are still in need of the proper man power that can produce new development or ideas for rebuilding the structures that were destroyed. Incidences of natural disasters have increased by 30 percent since the 1960s, and risk-modeling companies have raised the likelihood of a Katrina-like event happening once every 20 years, rather than once every 40 years (SKOUFIAS, 2003). Because of the possibility of large natural disasters happening more often as well as more frequent smaller natural disasters occurring, how will the economy be affected? Especially if before the reconstruction both socially and economically is finished from the original disaster, another strikes in the same area. Another problem that is faced with economic downfalls due to natural disasters is how other countries may view the stability of that country. For example, 75 percent of Haiti’s national income came through the export of retail apparel to the United States. If Haiti were to have any kind of smaller disasters before they can properly rebuild their economic and working communities, then other countries will only see them as a reoccurring high-risk investment and will no longer look to invest in Haiti, only deepening their turmoil from an economic stand point. Droughts cannot be forgotten either. 2010 set records as the hottest year in one of the hottest decades in history. Climate change, exacerbated by the effects of El Nino, sparked off a series of global heat waves. In Pakistan, temperatures rose to 128. 3 degrees Fahrenheit on May 26, the highest temperature seen in Asia. Russia was plagued by a series of wildfires, destroying crops and woodland, and blanketing cities in smog. People across Europe had to be hospitalized for heat strokes and dehydration as air-conditioning failed to bring relief. Asia had one of the most severe droughts across the globe. The drought caused an estimated 3. 5 million dollars in immediate damage, both to agriculture and to the country’s hydroelectric sector. There are also other uncounted losses, but still very real costs from the drought: a drought can lower the overall productivity of land due to erosion and topsoil loss. It can reduce the numbers in livestock herds, which most of Asia relies on for everyday living needs as well as economic income. Before the end of the summer, the death toll would rise into the thousands. 15 million people were evacuated, and over a million homes destroyed. Nearly 34 million acres of crops were affected by floodwaters, with at least two million completely destroyed. By August, direct damage from the floods was estimated at $41 billion. This is something that affected the worldwide agricultural need and demand (PreventionWeb, 2010). Proving the destructive power of natural disasters, even in highly developed nations, Hurricane Katrina crushed the gulf coast. Just east of the Bahamas on August 24, 2005 a small, unlikely tropical depression intensified into a tropical storm which was given the name Katrina. This storm slowly made its way to Florida’s southern coast on the 25th where most experts believed the storm would dissipate. Unfortunately, Katrina’s path took it over the everglades allowing it to maintain its category 1 standing that it had acquired before it first made landfall, then entered the Gulf of Mexico. The warm waters of the Gulf fostered the rapid development of Katrina (Kempler 2010). The above image shows Hurricane Katrina at the height of her power. Estimates had Katrina making landfall as a category 4, but thankfully it weakened a bit and before it rolled in as a strong category 3. Katrina became been responsible for an estimated 1,800 deaths, as well as 100 billion dollars total in damages, of which about 60percent were uninsured losses. Some economists would put the total economic loss at around 250 Billion dollars (Amadeo 2011). That made Katrina the most destructive natural disaster ever to hit the United States. With all of Katrina’s destruction, the short term effects on the economy were very evident. Only one year after the disaster the United States, the economy was back to normal. In the first three quarters of 2006 the United States had GDP growth of 5. 6 percent, some of the most rapid growth in recent years (Herman 2006). Even though the nation as a whole made a quick economic recovery after Katrina, locations that were struck directly, like New Orleans, did not make the turnaround quite as rapidly as hoped. The first few months after Katrina the United States economy went into a downward trend. The GDP growth rate dropped from the 4. 2 percent that it had experienced in the first three quarters to 1. 8 percent in the last quarter of 2005. The reason for this impact goes beyond the destruction of property and the primary economic concern; the loss of goods and production capabilities (Herman 2006). Perhaps the most important resource that the gulf region produces is oil. The gulf makes up about 30 percent of America’s oil production and distribution. The effects of Katrina resulted in the destruction of 113 offshore platforms, and nearly 500 oil and gas pipelines (Amadeo 2011). The loss of this production led to a drastic increase in gas prices soaring to over 4 dollars per gallon. This drastic rise in prices created a panic, and people rushed to the gas stations to fill up before prices rose again, creating massive lines and much talk about the gloomy forecast of economic woes come. The only positive result from the increasing gas prices was when the Federal government opened the strategic petrollium reserves. This increase in gasoline prices surprisingly did not have as much of an impact as speculators feared, other than people’s outlook on the situation. There were some effects.mthough mostly food price centered. The three main goods that saw a notable impact were the prices of bananas, rice and sugar (Leibtag 2006). The primary reason for the increase in the rice and sugar prices is because the Louisiana Mississippi area is responsible for 85 percent of the sugar cane production, and 14 percent of the rice production in the United States (Leibtag 2006). The drastic loss in production from that area was softened by short-run increases in the other producers of those crops. This ability to increase short-run production is a factor that contributes to the resiliancy of free-market economies. Though the nationwide effects were not all that staggering, the effects in New Orleans the months following Katrina were devastating. With 80 percent of the city flooded, hundreds of thousands of people were forced to flee the city of New Orleans, many never to return again (Blackburn 2010). This drastic loss in population coupled with the destruction of approximately 200,000 homes and businesses led New Orleans and the surrounding areas into a dire economic situation. In the first few months after Katrina, Louisiana lost 12 percent of the state’s 214,000 jobs (Herman 2006). One result of the loss of jobs was a drastic raise in mortgage delinquancy rates (Herman 2006). This inability to pay is more than likely a contributing factor to the very low rate of return from people who were forced to evacuate their homes by Katrina. Those that did find the resolve to return to stay were in a desperate situation. New Orleans, whose primary industry is tourism, suffered great losses after the storm. They desperately needed to be able to find a way to bring back the American and foreign tourist in order to fuel the creation for more jobs. The drop in tourism is best reflected by the attendance rates in New Orleans famous Mardi-Gras and Jazz Festivals. Both events had roughly a 30 percent drop in attendance from previous years (A year after Katrina, New Orleans desperately seeking tourists 2006). Part of the reason for the delay in the return of the tourism industry is the mass clean-up that had to take place first. Before anyone could return and maintain normal operations, there was still 118 million cubic yards of debris to be cleaned up.(Amadeo 2011) Thanks to efforts by FEMA, the Red Cross and many church ministries across the country, there was much help to be found. However, despite the efforts of all these groups, New Orleans a year after the incident was still working its way very slowly towards full recovery. With the aid that had come into the city, organizations were able to rebuild infrastructure and make great improvements to both education and government. In fact, post Katrina New Orleans has experienced steady growth in almost every way, including education levels, over the last 6 years as shown by the chart below Though it took about a year for it the effects to show and recovery to really make a strong step forward, the relief money that came into New Orleans and the other areas affected by Hurricane Katrina did what the nation was hoping it would; help restore one of Americas cultural and industrial centers. The economic turnaround in New Orleans shows how an initial investment in the form of government aid, insurance claims, and private donations can improve the economy of an area affected by a natural disaster. If this idea can hold to be true with the most costly natural disaster in American history, it should work with other costly natural disasters as well. Though maybe part of New Orleans success lay in the restructuring of their government and school systems in addition to the monetary support. Though the economy of the areas affected improve without bringing down the rest of the nation’s economy, suffering this type of event might not prove to be true in countries with weaker economies. Also, if a disaster like this was to hit a city like Los Angelas or New York, like Irene almost did, it is still speculator to say if there would be similar results. One thing can be said for certain, America’s ability to maintain long term economic growth despite short term impacts, like Katrina shows the resiliency of America as an economic super-power. Other economic super powers, like Japan, are trying to find this same formula for economic recovery. In the case of Japan’s 9.0 magnitude earthquake on March 11, 2011, the loss of clean water, electricity, infrastructure, production lines, financial institutions, and more than 15,000 lives caused what the Prime Minister of Japan called the â€Å"The most difficult crisis for Japan† since World War II. However difficult it has been, people have been recovering from the loss of loved ones, injury, and the general trauma of the disaster. Perhaps the greatest and most uncertain long term effects brewing are the econ omic impacts on the world market. Many large industries and economic functions have been hurt, causing price inflation in those industries throughout the world. Since March 11, 2011, nations around the world have had to adjust their consumption in accordance with the loss of production in Japan. Several car companies, such as Toyota and Honda, had their production of car parts slowed, and electronics producers experienced the same effects (Syed, 2011). This has been felt worldwide. For example, Toshiba, who produces roughly 30 percent of the world’s computer chips that store data in smart phones, cameras, and laptops, closed down several factories due to economic losses and physical damages. Events like this are what caused the average price of a chip with eight gigabytes of memory to rise from 7. 30 dollars to around 10 dollars just three days after the earthquake and tsunami struck (Helft, 2011). Obviously, the price of computer chips is not the only price that has risen. Because computer chips are more expensive, new phones, laptops, televisions, cars, cameras, electronic billboards, and complex machinery will have a rise in price to cover the cost of parts and production. This effect will be felt for months, and maybe even years in an already instable world economy. Many of these products are produced in Japan; the world export market has been greatly affected because of that. Japan’s exports have decreased, causing increased economic uncertainty. The macroeconomic result of this is that investors tend to pull away from the increasing risk of pumping money into Japan and look for safer and smarter industries and nations to try to grow their profits (Kihara, 2011). One of the most fascinating things about today’s economy is that everything is so globally connected. Because of this and the slow in Japanese exports, the United States level of consumption of Japanese goods dove 3.4 percent following the earthquake (Guardian. uk, 2011). If this trend continued throughout the year, then the Japanese economy would have lost 4. 2 billion dollars from 2010 levels of United States consumption alone (State. gov, 2011). The disaster and surrounding effects not only caused a decrease of funds going into Japan, but the economic instability caused by the earthquake was devastating in its timing. Japanese and other Asian stock markets plunged as the news of the disaster spread, and this is coming on the heels of the U. S.stock market falling nearly 2 percent the date before. Not only that, but the earthquake caused struggling European stocks to fall to three month lows (CBSnews. com 2011). This goes to show that natural disasters can cause a myriad of negative factors in an economy, and that a spike in uncertainty can be one of the most demoralizing. That uncertainty does not just surface in the stock markets, but also in global financing. The Japanese currency, the Yen, had a significant surge the day after the massive earthq uake struck (Bloomberg. com, 2011). This is said to be credited to the immediate cleanup, repair, and reconstruction needs that Japan incurred following the damages. The long-term effects of the boost in the value of the Yen are still unknown, but it has made the Yen rise in demand in recent months, despite fluctuations since the initial rise in trading worth (Bernard, 2011). The Yen is currently becoming stable once again, eight months after its spike in March then fall in April. Japan has done well in its recovery considering that the Yen hit recent year record lows in April. This graph shows the trading value of the Yen in the past year (Forexblog.org, 2011). The value of the Yen is not the only financial issue at stake. Japan is one of the major foreign holders of U. S. government and corporation debt. With Japan’s Debt-to-GDP ratio at 200 percent, and massive amounts of government spending looming in the rebuilding of the thousands of buildings and roadways lost, Japan is in great need of more money (CIA. g ov, 2010). Because of this, the current interest rates that U. S. corporations are paying on their international loans could increase in an effort to generate more revenue in Japan (Nanto, 2011). In turn, corporations would not be able to borrow as much money for new capital investment, thus hurting the consumption and job creation in the United States at a time when jobs are greatly needed with unemployment rates near nine percent (BLS. gov, 2011). Jobs are a big issue in Japan too. With many of the more than 15,000 killed and nearly 6,000 injured people being a part of the Japanese work force, and tons of cleanup and construction to be done, companies and the government have had to hire thousands of new workers to satisfy the demand for work (Japanese National Police Agency, 2011). After a brief climb in unemployment because of the direct aftermath of the earthquake, numbers dropped to a recent history record low of 4. 1 percent (Tradingeconomics. com, 2011). Once organization was restored, Japan began to utilize its workforce to combat the challenge of rebuilding cities. It is perhaps a gruesome yet effective means of increasing job demand in a nation when its economy was unsettlingly devastated. Since the record drop in unemployment, Japan has had what could be considered a â€Å"Recovery boom. On November 14, 2011, a news article stated: Gross domestic product grew at an annualized 6 percent in the three months ending Sept. 30, the fastest pace in 1 1/2- years, the Cabinet Office said today in Tokyo. At 543 trillion yen ($7 trillion), economic output was back to levels seen before the March 11 earthquake, the report showed. Japan’s return to growth after three quarters of contraction was driven by companies including Toyota Motor Corp. making up for lost output from the disaster. A sustained rebound will depend on how much reconstruction demand can offset a slowdown in global growth as Europe’s debt crisis damps global confidence and an appreciating yen erodes profits (Sharp, 2011). The fact the Japan is now back to its pre-earthquake GDP level is remarkable. It initiates again the idea of what is known to economists as â€Å"The Broken Window Fallacy. † The theory is that an economy can create jobs and achieve higher employment levels though the destruction of the current goods that exist. However, the destruction comes at a cost of replacement that, in the end, is not going to create a net gain, but will instead create a loss or â€Å"quick-fix† break even because businesses will be stimulated, but run less efficiently in the long run. Only time will tell if Japan’s growth over the last few months is simply a rebound or if the disaster caused a rethinking of how things should be done and built, therefore creating a more efficient, productive Japanese economy. Economists will be watching closely to spot trends. Another disaster that could have the same categories of effects on a much smaller scale is Hurricane Irene. The northeastern U. S. experienced the worst flooding since the existence of many towns and buildings of the region. Since only three months have passed since Irene made landfall on the New England area on August 28, 2011, the long term impact of the estimated 45 billion dollars in losses are still speculative (Morici, 2011). Given the current status of the American economy, any damages of the storm are probably being felt most nationwide right now, if compared to the time table of Japan’s economic fall and rise with respect to the earthquake in March. The U. S. may see a slight drop in unemployment and a rise in capital investment as part of the restoration of Irene’s damages, but most likely, no real growth will come out of it. However, the increase in consumption in order to rebuild the damaged parts of the northeast may spark a rise in consumer confidence, and that is what America desperately needs. A natural disaster in a third world country might bring in more money in aid than that country’s economy could have ever produced on its own, making a very positive economic impact. But, as far as the number go, in a developed nation like the United States or Japan, natural disasters cause little more than a large scale broken window fallacy case study. A hurricane, earthquake, or other disaster can bring forth events that build intangible benefits such as consumer confidence, improved organization of infrastructure, or more efficient ideas, but most real development and confidence comes from ingenuity, not devastation. However, it is hard to argue against the fact that necessity is the mother of invention, or in this case, restructured success. Works Cited